Large-Scale Flood Hazard Monitoring and Impact Assessment on Landscape: Representative Case Study in India

Currently, natural hazards are a significant concern as they contribute to increased vulnerability, environmental degradation, and loss of life, among other consequences. Climate change and human activities are key factors that contribute to various natural hazards such as floods, landslides, droughts, and deforestation. Assam state in India experiences annual floods that significantly impact the local environment. In 2022, the flooding affected approximately 1.9 million people and 2930 villages, resulting in the loss of 54 lives. This study utilized the Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud-computing platform to investigate the extent of flood inundation and deforestation, analyzing pre-flood and post-flood C band Sentinel-1 GRD datasets. Identifying pre- and post-flood areas was conducted using Landsat 8–9 OLI/TIRS datasets and the modified and normalized difference water index (MNDWI). The districts of Cachar, Kokrajhar, Jorhat, Kamrup, and Dhubri were the most affected by floods and deforestation. The 2022 Assam flood encompassed approximately 24,507.27 km² of vegetation loss and 33,902.49 km² of flood inundation out of a total area of 78,438 km². The most affected areas were the riverine regions, the capital city Dispur, Guwahati, southern parts of Assam, and certain eastern regions. Flood hazards exacerbate environmental degradation and deforestation, making satellite-based information crucial for hazard and disaster management solutions. The findings of this research can contribute to raising awareness, planning, and implementing future disaster management strategies to protect both the environment and human life.