Iron and cobalt-containing magnetic ionic liquids for dispersive micro-solid phase extraction coupled with HPLC-DAD for the preconcentration and quantification of carbamazepine drug in urine and environmental water samples

The pollution of water bodies by pharmaceutical drugs has been on the increase in recent times. Because, their presence is in trace amount, their detection is very difficult. In this study, a simple, efficient, and sensitive method was developed based on dispersive micro-solid phase extraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography for the detection and preconcentration of carbamazepine drug, an anticonvulsant medication, in human urine and wastewater samples using magnetic ionic liquids, (Z)-octadec-9-en-1-aminium tetrachloroferrate (III) and (Z)-octadec-9-en-1-aminium trichlorocobaltate (II) as sorbents at room temperature. The MILs were characterized by several techniques such as proton nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, Raman spectroscopy, and Zeta potential. Major factors influencing extraction efficiency such as pH, amount of sorbent, extraction time, desorption time, elution solvent, elution solvent volume, and ionic strength have been optimized. The method showed excellent performance. The linearity range of 1–1000 μg/L was obtained with a correlation coefficient of 0.9989, relative standard deviation for intra-day and inter-day was found to be 0.4 and 2.1% respectively. The limit of detection recorded was 0.51 μg/L. The real sample applicability of the method has been evaluated on human urine and wastewater samples.