Innovations in seawater electrolysis: From fundamental challenges to practical applications

Seawater electrolysis presents a promising pathway for sustainable hydrogen production, utilizing an abundant and readily available resource. However, the effectiveness in its adoption is debatable and can be regarded to several challenges. These challenges encompass fundamental issues related to the thermodynamics and kinetics of seawater electrolysis, demanding the development of highly selective, stable, and cost-effective catalysts. Practical challenges including the corrosive nature of seawater, necessitate robust materials for electrolyzer components and mitigating issues like scaling and fouling. Logistic challenges involve the additional costs associated with chlorine gas handling and the need for comprehensive techno-economic analyses to justify investments feasibility in seawater electrolysis infrastructure. Addressing these challenges requires a multifaceted approach, encompassing advancements in catalyst design, membrane technology, and electrolyzer design, as well as the integration of seawater electrolysis with renewable energy sources and other industrial processes such as desalination.