In vitro and in vivo research advancements on the magnesium phosphate cement biomaterials: A review

The key aim of this review study is to expose the in vitro and in vivo research progresses on the Magnesium phosphate cement (MPC) bioceramics in the orthopedic and dental zones through congregating the vital outcomes of the studies performed by the global scholars. More importantly, the paper mainly concentrates on the comparison of physico-mechanical properties between the MPC materials and human bone, bone healing and bioresorption mechanisms of MPC graftings, development of in vitro properties such as injectability to bone cracks filling, root canal filling, dentin bond strength and antibacterial performance, and success in the in vivo studies of bone defects recover in rapid time of MPC implantation. Exploration results confirm that MPC transplants are adjustable to foreign body, fully degrade over time maintaining structural stiffness to support the movement of crack zones and play vital role to bone metabolism for healing. These characteristics will stimulate to be a potential alternative to the conventional ceramics like calcium phosphate cement (CPC) for special clinical applications. The study also suggests some future directions that are still needed to be investigated for rigorous improvement of MPC substitutes, which are demanding in the orthopedic zones.