Impact of Neodymium substitution on electrical properties in mixed phase of Bismuth containing pyrochlore (Bi₂Sn₂O₇ and Bi₂O₃–SnO₂)

In this paper, Neodymium-doped Bismuth pyrochlore and its hybridized mixed phases (Nd_xBi_2-xSn₂O₇ and Bi₂O₃–SnO₂) were synthesized using the sol–gel autocombustion method. The synthesized material was annealed at 600 °C for three hours in a muffle furnace to ensure its crystalline structure, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analysis were conducted. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was employed to predict the phases and absorption frequencies. Subsequent to a comprehensive structural analysis, the dielectric properties, encompassing the real and imaginary components of Impedance, Electric modulus, dielectric constant, and tangent loss, were analyzed. This analysis spanned a frequency range from 1 MHz to 3 GHz, covering different doping concentrations. Notably, the maximum dielectric constant was attained for a doping concentration of x = 1.0 at 2.7 GHz. Conclusively, the obtained dielectric data suggest that the synthesized material holds promise for various applications, including high-frequency electronics, telecommunications, and wireless communication systems.