High-Resolution Characterization of Aerosol Optical Depth and Its Correlation with Meteorological Factors in Afghanistan

Atmospheric aerosols pose a significant global problem, particularly in urban areas in developing countries where the rapid urbanization and industrial activities degrade air quality. This study examined the spatiotemporal variations and trends in aerosol optical depth (AOD) at a 550 nm wavelength, alongside key meteorological factors, in Kabul, Afghanistan, from 2000 to 2022. Using the Google Earth Engine geospatial analysis platform, daily AOD data were retrieved from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer to assess monthly, seasonal, and annual spatiotemporal variations and long-term trends. Meteorological parameters such as temperature (T), relative humidity (RH), precipitation (PCP), wind speed (WS), wind direction, and solar radiation (SR) were obtained from the Modern Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications. The Mann–Kendall test was employed to analyze the time-series trends, and a Pearson correlation matrix was calculated to assess the influence of the meteorological factors on AOD. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to understand the underlying structure. The results indicated high AOD levels in spring and summer, with a significant upward trend from 2000 to 2022. The findings revealed a positive correlation of AOD value with T, RH, WS, and PCP and a negative correlation with SR. The PCA results highlighted complex interactions among these factors and their impact on the AOD. These insights underscore the need for stringent air quality regulations and emission control measures in Kabul.