Heatline visualization of conjugate natural convection in a square cavity filled with nanofluid with sinusoidal temperature variations on both horizontal walls

The problem of conjugate natural convection in a square cavity filled with a nanofluid with sinusoidal temperature variations on both horizontal walls is visualized by heatlines. Water-based nanofluids with Ag, Cu, Al2O3, or TiO2 nanoparticles are chosen for investigation. The governing equations together with the specified boundary conditions are solved numerically using the finite difference method over a wide range of Rayleigh number (10(5) <= Ra <= 10(8)), nanoparticle volume fractions (0 <= phi <= 0.2), phase deviations (0 <= gamma <= pi), amplitude ratios (0 <= epsilon <= 1), wall to nanofluid thermal conductivity ratios (0.44 <= K-r <= 23.8) and wall thickness to height ratios (0 <= S <= 0.7). Comparisons with previously published work verify good agreement with the proposed method. Detailed computational results for the influence of the various parameters on streamlines, heatlines, isotherms, and the overall heat transfer are shown graphically. It is found that the heat transfe