Heat transfer of a nanoliquid thin film over a stretching sheet with surface temperature and internal heat generation

In this paper, the heat transfer in thin film flow on unsteady stretch plate of nanofluids is studied. The nanoparticles of copper Cu, alumina Al₂O₃ and titanium TiO₂ with water-base fluid are considered. Similarity transformations simplify the governing equations. The resulting combined nonlinear differential equations were calculated by the homotopy analysis method (HAM). The solutions in form of series are extracted, and the numerical results are presented. An improvement in the volume of the nanoparticles fraction could boost the temperature profile, and related boundary layer thickness is observed. In addition, film thickness parameter γ decreases with the increase in nanoparticle fraction ϕ and unsteadiness parameter S.