Heat transfer in magnetite (Fe₃O₄) nanoparticles suspended in conventional fluids: Refrigerant-134a (C₂H₂F₄), kerosene (C₁₀H₂₂), and water (H₂O) under the impact of dipole

In this article, theoretical investigation has been performed to explore the heat transport characteristics of a magnetic nanofluid (ferrofluid) with dipole field impact. We considered magnetite (Fe₃O₄) nanoparticles suspended in three base fluids such as kerosene (C₁₀H₂₂), Refrigerant-134a (C₂H₂F₄), and water (H₂O). Magnetic dipole is of importance as it controls the momentum and thermal boundary layer region. Also characterization of magnetothermomechanical (ferrohydrodynamic) interaction decelerates the motion of the fluid as compared to the hydrodynamic case. Governing flow problem is normalized into ordinary differential equation by adopting the similarity transform procedure and thereafter solving by an effective shooting algorithm. Flow is generated due to a linearly porous stretched surface. Impact of involved constraints, namely, ferromagnetic parameter, suction, porosity, slip, and volume concentration of nanoparticle on friction factor and heat transfer rate are explained by graphs and tables. From the results we infer that the influence of ferrohydrodynamics is to flatten the velocity profile, whereas the decreasing effect is seen for the temperature profile for large values of nanoparticle volume fraction. Also it is shown that the Nusselt number is higher for the case of Refrigerant-134a for large values of concentration of nanoparticles.