Grid-Forming Converter and Stability Aspects of Renewable-Based Low-Inertia Power Networks: Modern Trends and Challenges

The broad demonstration of grid-forming converters (GFMs) in microgrid applications has been well documented. Following this, the idea of GFM was assessed for its potential use in large-scale linked networks that include transmission and distribution systems combined with renewable energy sources. As a result, a thorough examination of GFM performance became imperative. This study provides a comprehensive examination of GFMs, encompassing fundamental principles, control mechanisms, implementation strategies, operational aspects, and potential avenues for further research. The capacity of GFMs to withstand system disturbances is of utmost importance for ensuring the overall stability of the system, particularly in situations where inertial response is diminished. Classical control methods are inadequate in addressing transient stability circumstances, necessitating the development of current control approaches to overcome these limitations. The utilization of GFM control is becoming increasingly important in the global initiative to establish a sustainable energy system through the integration of renewable energy. GFM control is particularly significant as it determines the level of controllability over non-dispatchable and variable generation, especially on a larger scale, thus contributing to the practical realization of this initiative. Therefore, an extensive and evaluative examination of many control systems, control theories, and algorithms has been conducted in the last twenty years. This study provides a comprehensive classification of control objectives and applications, emphasizing their importance and effectiveness. The findings of this study are equally applicable to various interdisciplinary fields such as power system operation, power electronics, renewable energy integration, advanced control, and smart grids.