Graphene Nanopowder and Propylene Glycol Solutions: Thermal and Physical Properties

This work investigates the physical–thermal properties of nanofluids made from graphene powder, propylene glycol, and water. Propylene glycol and water were mixed in the following ratios to make nanofluids: 100:0, 75:25, and 50:50. Graphene was added at 0.25 and 0.5% of the mixture's volume to the three base fluids. Nanofluids' viscosity, density, thermal conductivity, and specific heat are studied. After mixing with graphene nanopowder, critical fluids increased in density and thermal conductivity. Essential fluids showed these advantages. When the temperature was elevated, viscosity and specific heat decreased. Despite constant temperatures, this was the case. Increasing graphene concentration increases thermal conductivity by 10–16%. The viscosity of nanofluids with graphene nanopowder is less affected by temperature. As temperature rises, nanofluid density falls. Temperature and density are inversely related; thus, this makes sense. Adding graphene to propylene glycol at different concentrations increased its specific heat by 8–14%, depending on the concentration.