Graphene Derivative-Based Particulate Photocatalysts for Energy Conversion Applications: Current Achievements, Bottlenecks, and Future Outlook

In light of heterogeneous catalysis, graphene is the most pivotal allotropic member of the carbon family that has, alongside its derivatives, recently been a part of some of the tremendous benchmarks in energy conversion applications. Graphene derivatives offer imperative ascendancy in photocatalysis for energy conversion on account of their advanced physicochemical characteristics such as enhanced conductivity, surface area, and tunable functionalization. Their role in improving the performance of particulate photocatalysts via one-step excitation paves the way for efficient synthesis of H₂, C₁, C₂ products, and NH₃ via photochemical water splitting, CO₂ reduction, and N₂ fixation processes, respectively. Herein, we present this strategic Review to account for the recent advancements of graphene derivatives in sustainable energy solutions and to inspire researchers to explore the treasure trove of carbon materials. We have articulated progress in the physicochemical properties of graphene derivatives and their experimental touchstones in photochemical water splitting, CO₂ reduction, and N₂ fixation. Alongside this, the major challenges and prospects related to the applicability of graphene derivatives in these sustainable applications have been presented.