Global energy conservation research: A systematic analysis of thematic areas, methodologies and geographic distribution

Energy conservation is pivotal in addressing global sustainability and climate change challenges. Despite substantial research in this field, gaps remain in understanding regional priorities and methodological patterns. This systematic review aims to bridge that gap by synthesizing findings from 144 peer-reviewed studies, selected using PRISMA guidelines and validated through independent screening and thematic analysis. The study first explores thematic and geographical distributions, categorizing research into four primary areas: Behavioral Interventions, Policy and Governance, Educational and Awareness Campaigns, and Technological and Data-Driven Solutions. The analysis reveals that 87 % of studies focus on specific regions, with developed countries accounting for 65.6 %—highlighting strong institutional and infrastructural support—while developing countries represent 34.4 %, focusing more on culturally adapted behavioral and policy approaches. Both groups show a strong preference for mixed methods (48.8 %), though quantitative approaches are more common in developing regions (46.5 %) compared to developed ones (39 %). Qualitative methods remain underutilized, particularly in developing countries (4.7 %). The findings emphasize the urgent need for greater international collaboration and tailored policy frameworks. By promoting knowledge transfer and context-sensitive strategies, this review offers actionable insights to enhance global energy conservation efforts and advance progress toward sustainable development goals.