Frustrated magnetism, electronic, and thermodynamic properties of titanium-based kagome materials

Kagome lattice materials, with their unique corner-sharing triangular lattice structure, are a perfect platform to investigate quantum magnetism, geometrical frustration, and exotic electronic phenomena. In this review article, we have focused on relatively recent work on titanium-based systems and related compounds, including TbTi3Bi4, RETi3Bi4(RE=Yb,Pr,Nd,Sm),ATi3Bi5(A=Rb,Cs), and Ln2-xTi6+xBi9(Ln:Tb-Lu), in which the rare-earth element occupies the RE, A, Ln sites and its substitution tunes the structural and magnetic properties composed of kagome lattices. We have highlighted how the lattice geometry, lattice distortion and magnetic anisotropy affect the emergence of frustrated spin states, topological phases, and unconventional ground states in quantum materials. We summarize experimental approaches to synthesize and probe titanium-based kagome systems and assess how structural features of this large family of materials connect to their magnetization, thermal transport, and charge transport. We have particularly highlighted the role of rare-earth (lanthanide atoms with unpaired electrons that strongly affect magnetism) substitution in tuning magnetic frustration, spin dynamics, and the lattice symmetry. This perspective provides a comprehensive outlook on the significance of kagome systems in fundamental science and their potential in advancing quantum technologies.