Fabrication of highly and poorly oxidized silver oxide/silver/tin(IV) oxide nanocomposites and their comparative anti-pathogenic properties towards hazardous food pathogens

Herein, we report the fabrication of highly oxidized silver oxide/silver/tin(IV) oxide (HOSBTO or Ag³⁺-enriched AgO/Ag/SnO₂) nanocomposite under a robust oxidative environment created with the use of concentrated nitric acid. Tin(IV) hydroxide nanofluid is added to the reaction mixture as a stabilizer for the Ag³⁺-enriched silver oxide in the nanocomposite. The formation of Ag nanoparticles in this nanocomposite originates from the decomposition of silver oxides during calcination at 600 °C. For comparison, poorly oxidized silver oxide/silver/tin(IV) oxide (POSBTO with formula AgO/Ag/SnO₂) nanocomposite has also been prepared by following the same synthetic procedures, except for the use of concentrated nitric acid. Finally, we studied in detail the anti-pathogenic capabilities of both nanocomposites against four hazardous pathogens, including pathogenic fish bacterium (Stenotrophomonas maltophilia stain EP10), oomycete (Phytophthora cactorum strain P-25), and two different strains of pathogenic strawberry fungus, BRSP08 and BRSP09 (Collectotrichum siamense). The bioassays reveal that the as-prepared HOSBTO and POSBTO nanocomposites exhibit significant inhibitory activities against the tested pathogenic bacterium, oomycete, and fungus in a dose-dependent manner. However, the degree of dose-dependent effectiveness of the two nanocomposites against each pathogen largely varies.