Fabrication of Fuel Cell Involving Bismuth-based Components for Efficient and Cost-effective Strategies

Various advanced sources have been developed to cope with the exponential need for world energies, such as hydrogen production, photovoltaic solar cells, lithium batteries and fuel cells, etc. Among these, fuel cells are better owing to their power production, renewability, and green natural technology. In fuel cells, chemical energy is converted into electrical energy with the help of an electrochemical device, having three major components, i.e. electrodes, electrolytes and catalysts. Bismuth-based materials would be a good choice to develop an efficient fuel cell and can be used as electrodes, electrolytes, and catalysts. Bi₂SiO₅@NG(NG = nitrogen-doped graphene) is a Bi-based nano-composite used as a cathodic catalyst to enhance the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Co−Bi@rGO (rGO = reduced graphene oxide) is used as an anode for an EtOH fuel cell due to its low cost and high efficiency. Bi-based solid oxide electrolytes, e.g. sulfonated poly(ether, ketone) (SPEEK) polymer having 7.5 wt.% of bismuth cobalt zinc oxide (BCZO) with a high-power density of 574 mW cm⁻² have been reported in this regard. These factors accentuate the relevance of bismuth-based materials for the production of components for fuel cells that have excellent performance. This review examines the published literature on bismuth-based materials and anticipates the synthesis, and role of material in fuel cells. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives present comprehensive guidelines for future research.