Fabrication and Physio-chemical characterization of biocompatible and antibacterial Vitis vinifera(grapes) loaded PVA nanomembranes for dermal applications

Nano-dermal patches are more effective than traditional ones due to higher surface energy, deeper penetration, and more entrapment sites. We developed a novel and dry nanomembrane that incorporates Vitis vinifera (V.v) extract and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) through the electrospinning method. Physiochemical characterization of nanomembranes under different concentrations of PVA and V.v was accomplished by employing scanning electron microscopy (SEM), ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV-Vis), drug release, water absorption percentage, radical scavenging activity, biocompatibility, and antibacterial activity (qualitative and quantitative). Optimized nanofibers with a 446 ± 102 nm diameter were produced using 8 % wt./wt. PVA and 100 % V.v concentration. Water contact angle (WCA) of less than 50° and water absorption exceeding 660 percent demonstrated the hydrophilicity of V.v/PVA nanomembranes. DSC analysis showed that the developed PVA nanofibrous membranes are thermally stable, with new interactions supporting this increased stability. Released V.v particles from the nanomembrane ranged in size from 40 to 250 nm, as detected by the Zeta sizer. The nanomembrane had 92 % cell viability, excellent biocompatibility, and 75 % bursting release in 5 minutes. The nanomembranes have up to 79 % antioxidative abilities and 99.8 % antibacterial efficiency against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Lastly, the nanomembrane's tensile strength (51 N, elongation 1.62 %) and breathability (16.04 mm/sec) further support its potential use as a multipurpose dermal skin patch.