Extended Reality Interaction Modalities for Cognitive Human–Machine Teaming in Smart Mobility and Logistics

Extended Reality (XR) technologies, encompassing Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), and Mixed Reality (MR), are reshaping human interaction with intelligent systems in mobility, logistics, and industry. However, current research lacks a unified framework for transferring interaction mechanics from mature domains to emerging smart mobility ecosystems. This study presents an overview of XR interaction modalities. Using a PRISMA-motivated technique, we analyze data from 34 research studies to standardize the mapping of vision-based overlays, gesture tracking, and haptic feedback to specific cognitive teaming requirements. We provide a Cognitive Mobility Interface framework that addresses significant usability and scalability challenges while accounting for domain-specific transferability in order to satisfy the required standards. The findings provide a strong foundation for developing context-aware interfaces to strengthen trust in human-autonomous machines collaboration and decision confidence.