Experimental investigation to enhance the efficiency of solar photovoltaic (PV) panels by integrating phase change materials and nano-enhanced biochar: A techno-econo-environmental assessment

The performance of a solar photovoltaic (PV) panel boosted due to the reduction in cell temperature, which resulted an increase in the electrical performance. Hence, to enhance the performance of PV panels an experimental investigation was carried by incorporating 1-tetradeconal phase change materials (PCM), 40 % of biochar and 1 % of graphene. Four PV panels i.e., referenced PV panel, modified PV-PCM, modified PV with biochar PCM (PV-BPCM) and modified PV with nano enhanced biochar PCM (PV-NBPCM) were chosen for the experimental investigation to assess the thermal, electrical, economic and environmental analysis. It was found that the PV-NBPCM exhibited better cooling effect with respect to the referenced PV panel, modified PV-PCM and modified PV-BPCM. The key findings from the comparative study suggested that the PV-NBPCM has reduced the maximum surface temperature around 18.86 K, compared to the other PV panels. While, the average electrical efficiency and power output of a PV-NBPCM was improved by 10.71 % and 24.60 %, respectively, against other proposed PV panels. The estimated levelized cost of electricity (LCOE), uniform end of annual cost (UEAC), and energy payback time (EPBT) for the PV-NBPCM was found to be lower compared to other PV configurations. Finally, the primary significance of using PCMs in solar panels is to improve their electrical efficiency and lifespan by managing the heat generated during operation.