Experimental investigation of H₃PO₄ activated papaya peels for methylene blue dye removal from aqueous solution: Evaluation on optimization, kinetics, isotherm, thermodynamics, and reusability studies

This investigation is centered on the effectiveness of methylene blue (MB), a cationic dye, adsorbed from an aqueous media by H₃PO₄ activated papaya skin/peels (PS_PAC), with initial pH (2–10), contact time (30–180 min), MB dye concentration (varying from 10 to 50 mg/L), and MB dose (0.1–0.5 gm). The findings show that the best optimal conditions for MB dye removal occur at a 6 pH, 0.3 gm dose of PS_PAC adsorbent for 10 mg/L MB dye concentration, with 90 min of contact time. To optimize and validate the extraction efficiency of MB dye, a response surface methodology (RSM) study was conducted using a central composite design (CCD) with a regression model showing R² = 0.9940. FT-IR spectroscopy shows, C[dbnd]O, and O–H stretching functional groups while FE-SEM is assessed to supervise morphological features of the PS_PAC adsorbent. The peak adsorption capacity with 46.95 mg/g for the Langmuir isotherm model conveniently satisfies the adsorption process with R² = 0.9984 while with R² = 0.999, a kinetic model, pseudo-second-order, confirms MB dye adsorption by PS_PAC adsorbent. Moreover, thermodynamic parameters including ΔGᵒ, ΔH°, and ΔS° were computed and found to be spontaneous and exothermic. Furthermore, regeneration studies employed with NaOH (0.1 M) and HCl (0.1 M) solution media show an acceptable MB removal efficiency consecutive up to three cycles. The study highlights that H₃PO₄ papaya skin/peel (PS_PAC) is an effectual, sustainable, reasonably available biosorbent to remove industrial cationic dyes disposal.