Entropy generation analysis of MHD convection flow of hybrid nanofluid in a wavy enclosure with heat generation and thermal radiation

This work examines the behaviour of flow and heat transmission in the presence of hybrid nanofluid in thermal radiation, heat generation, and magnetohydrodynamics. The hybrid state in this model is represented by two different fluids, TiO₂ (titanium dioxide) and Ag (silver). The enclosure is wavy and slanted, with curving walls on the left and right. The finite difference approximation method was utilized to resolve the fundamental equations after they were non-dimensionalized, which are further reduced to a fourth-order bi-harmonic equation and are numerically solved based on the biconjugate gradient-stabilized approach method. The simulations are performed with various Rayleigh numbers, Hartmann numbers, an inclination angle of the enclosure, radiation parameters, heat generation parameters, inclination angle of the magnetic field, and volume fraction of hybrid nanoparticles. The streamlines, isotherms, and average Nusselt number contours are used to depict the thermo-fluid patterns. The findings show that the average Nusselt number relies on ϕ and increases as ϕ rises. The investigation's findings demonstrated that the transfer of heat on the heated bottom wall significantly increases with the Rayleigh number (Ra = 10⁵ and 10⁶). At a cavity inclination of 45°, interesting multivortex structures are observed. The results of this study may enhance the effectiveness of solar collectors, heat exchangers, and other similar systems that depend on convective heat transfer in nature.