Enhancing Load Frequency Control in Single-Area Power Systems: A Comparative Study of PID, FOPID, GA, and PSO-Based Optimization Techniques

Khaleel Agail Mohamed; Nezar M. Alyazidi; Ahmed Eltayeb; Sami Elferik; Khaled Saeed Bin Gaufan

doi:10.1109/SSD64182.2025.10989904

Enhancing Load Frequency Control in Single-Area Power Systems: A Comparative Study of PID, FOPID, GA, and PSO-Based Optimization Techniques

Khaleel Agail Mohamed
, Nezar M. Alyazidi
, Ahmed Eltayeb
, Sami Elferik
, Khaled Saeed Bin Gaufan

Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution › peer-review

1 Scopus citations

Abstract

Studies show that maintaining nominal frequencies (50 Hz or 60 Hz) is a critical challenge due to power imbalances and frequency deviations caused by load disturbances. To address this problem, this study investigates the performance of PSO and GA in improving the performance of PID and FOPID controllers for frequency regulation in single thermal power systems area and by analyzing the performance of controllers under various cost functions (IAE, ITAE, ISE, ITSE). PSO-PID, optimized with the ITAE cost function, achieved the fastest settling time (3.5 seconds), the lowest overshoot (0.001 Hz), and negligible undershoot (0.002 Hz). Similarly, PSO-FOPID outperformed GA-FOPID, achieving stabilization at 60 Hz almost instantly, with minimal overshoot (0.0156 Hz).

Original language	English
Title of host publication	22nd IEEE International Multi-Conference on Systems, Signals and Devices, SSD 2025
Publisher	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.
Pages	988-993
Number of pages	6
ISBN (Electronic)	9798331542726
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1109/SSD64182.2025.10989904
State	Published - 2025
Event	22nd IEEE International Multi-Conference on Systems, Signals and Devices, SSD 2025 - Monastir, Tunisia Duration: 17 Feb 2025 → 20 Feb 2025

Publication series

Name	22nd IEEE International Multi-Conference on Systems, Signals and Devices, SSD 2025

Conference

Conference	22nd IEEE International Multi-Conference on Systems, Signals and Devices, SSD 2025
Country/Territory	Tunisia
City	Monastir
Period	17/02/25 → 20/02/25

Bibliographical note

Publisher Copyright:
© 2025 IEEE.

Keywords

PID
PSO
fractional order PID
genetic algorithm (GA)
load frequency control (LFC)

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Artificial Intelligence
Computer Networks and Communications
Information Systems
Signal Processing
Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality
Control and Optimization
Instrumentation

Access to Document

10.1109/SSD64182.2025.10989904

Cite this

Mohamed, K. A., Alyazidi, N. M., Eltayeb, A., Elferik, S., & Bin Gaufan, K. S. (2025). Enhancing Load Frequency Control in Single-Area Power Systems: A Comparative Study of PID, FOPID, GA, and PSO-Based Optimization Techniques. In 22nd IEEE International Multi-Conference on Systems, Signals and Devices, SSD 2025 (pp. 988-993). (22nd IEEE International Multi-Conference on Systems, Signals and Devices, SSD 2025). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. https://doi.org/10.1109/SSD64182.2025.10989904

Mohamed, Khaleel Agail ; Alyazidi, Nezar M. ; Eltayeb, Ahmed et al. / Enhancing Load Frequency Control in Single-Area Power Systems : A Comparative Study of PID, FOPID, GA, and PSO-Based Optimization Techniques. 22nd IEEE International Multi-Conference on Systems, Signals and Devices, SSD 2025. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2025. pp. 988-993 (22nd IEEE International Multi-Conference on Systems, Signals and Devices, SSD 2025).

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title = "Enhancing Load Frequency Control in Single-Area Power Systems: A Comparative Study of PID, FOPID, GA, and PSO-Based Optimization Techniques",

abstract = "Studies show that maintaining nominal frequencies (50 Hz or 60 Hz) is a critical challenge due to power imbalances and frequency deviations caused by load disturbances. To address this problem, this study investigates the performance of PSO and GA in improving the performance of PID and FOPID controllers for frequency regulation in single thermal power systems area and by analyzing the performance of controllers under various cost functions (IAE, ITAE, ISE, ITSE). PSO-PID, optimized with the ITAE cost function, achieved the fastest settling time (3.5 seconds), the lowest overshoot (0.001 Hz), and negligible undershoot (0.002 Hz). Similarly, PSO-FOPID outperformed GA-FOPID, achieving stabilization at 60 Hz almost instantly, with minimal overshoot (0.0156 Hz).",

keywords = "PID, PSO, fractional order PID, genetic algorithm (GA), load frequency control (LFC)",

author = "Mohamed, \{Khaleel Agail\} and Alyazidi, \{Nezar M.\} and Ahmed Eltayeb and Sami Elferik and \{Bin Gaufan\}, \{Khaled Saeed\}",

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year = "2025",

doi = "10.1109/SSD64182.2025.10989904",

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series = "22nd IEEE International Multi-Conference on Systems, Signals and Devices, SSD 2025",

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Mohamed, KA, Alyazidi, NM , Eltayeb, A, Elferik, S & Bin Gaufan, KS 2025, Enhancing Load Frequency Control in Single-Area Power Systems: A Comparative Study of PID, FOPID, GA, and PSO-Based Optimization Techniques. in 22nd IEEE International Multi-Conference on Systems, Signals and Devices, SSD 2025. 22nd IEEE International Multi-Conference on Systems, Signals and Devices, SSD 2025, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., pp. 988-993, 22nd IEEE International Multi-Conference on Systems, Signals and Devices, SSD 2025, Monastir, Tunisia, 17/02/25. https://doi.org/10.1109/SSD64182.2025.10989904

Enhancing Load Frequency Control in Single-Area Power Systems: A Comparative Study of PID, FOPID, GA, and PSO-Based Optimization Techniques. / Mohamed, Khaleel Agail; Alyazidi, Nezar M.; Eltayeb, Ahmed et al.
22nd IEEE International Multi-Conference on Systems, Signals and Devices, SSD 2025. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2025. p. 988-993 (22nd IEEE International Multi-Conference on Systems, Signals and Devices, SSD 2025).

Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution › peer-review

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AU - Mohamed, Khaleel Agail

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AU - Elferik, Sami

AU - Bin Gaufan, Khaled Saeed

PY - 2025

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N2 - Studies show that maintaining nominal frequencies (50 Hz or 60 Hz) is a critical challenge due to power imbalances and frequency deviations caused by load disturbances. To address this problem, this study investigates the performance of PSO and GA in improving the performance of PID and FOPID controllers for frequency regulation in single thermal power systems area and by analyzing the performance of controllers under various cost functions (IAE, ITAE, ISE, ITSE). PSO-PID, optimized with the ITAE cost function, achieved the fastest settling time (3.5 seconds), the lowest overshoot (0.001 Hz), and negligible undershoot (0.002 Hz). Similarly, PSO-FOPID outperformed GA-FOPID, achieving stabilization at 60 Hz almost instantly, with minimal overshoot (0.0156 Hz).

AB - Studies show that maintaining nominal frequencies (50 Hz or 60 Hz) is a critical challenge due to power imbalances and frequency deviations caused by load disturbances. To address this problem, this study investigates the performance of PSO and GA in improving the performance of PID and FOPID controllers for frequency regulation in single thermal power systems area and by analyzing the performance of controllers under various cost functions (IAE, ITAE, ISE, ITSE). PSO-PID, optimized with the ITAE cost function, achieved the fastest settling time (3.5 seconds), the lowest overshoot (0.001 Hz), and negligible undershoot (0.002 Hz). Similarly, PSO-FOPID outperformed GA-FOPID, achieving stabilization at 60 Hz almost instantly, with minimal overshoot (0.0156 Hz).

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KW - fractional order PID

KW - genetic algorithm (GA)

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Mohamed KA, Alyazidi NM , Eltayeb A, Elferik S, Bin Gaufan KS. Enhancing Load Frequency Control in Single-Area Power Systems: A Comparative Study of PID, FOPID, GA, and PSO-Based Optimization Techniques. In 22nd IEEE International Multi-Conference on Systems, Signals and Devices, SSD 2025. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. 2025. p. 988-993. (22nd IEEE International Multi-Conference on Systems, Signals and Devices, SSD 2025). doi: 10.1109/SSD64182.2025.10989904

Enhancing Load Frequency Control in Single-Area Power Systems: A Comparative Study of PID, FOPID, GA, and PSO-Based Optimization Techniques

Abstract

Publication series

Conference

Bibliographical note

Keywords

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Access to Document

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Cite this