Enhancing frequency stability in diverse power systems with conventional and renewable energy sources based on an innovative LFC and controlled energy storage integration

The rapid advancement of renewable energy sources (RESs) has led to a decrease in system inertia and an exacerbation of the instability issue. Hence, this study puts forward an approach to bolster the stability of the power grid amidst the presence of RESs and disturbances in load conditions. The strategy utilizes controlled energy storage systems, including plug-in electric vehicles and fuel cell systems, along with a secondary controller (SC). To improve the strategy's performance, novel controllers and an enhanced optimization technique are employed. The proposed controller combines proportional-integral-derivative (PID) and fractional order control methods, resulting in a new arrangement. The parameters of the controller are tuned using an improved optimization technique called an Enhanced Runge Kutta Optimizer. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated through a performance comparison with conventional optimizers, using well-established mathematical equations. Additionally, the proposed controller's effectiveness is verified by comparing its performance with other controller arrangements, such as PID, combining TD-TI, and cascaded (1 + PD)-PID controllers. The performance of the system is enhanced by 66 % more with the proposed controller in SC compared to the (1 + PD)-PID controller, which is regarded as the most optimal among the controllers examined in this study. Additionally, the system's performance is improved by 44 % when the proposed strategy is implemented, as compared to the system's performance without the proposed strategy. Totally, the effectiveness of the proposed strategy is validated across various scenarios, including high penetration of RESs, significant load fluctuations, and system non-linearity.