Enhancing energy autonomy of greenhouses with semi-transparent photovoltaic systems through a comparative study of battery storage systems

Effective energy management is crucial in greenhouse farming to ensure efficient operations and optimal crop growth. This study investigates the energy autonomy—defined as the ratio of on-site energy generation to the total energy demand—of greenhouses equipped with semi-transparent photovoltaic (STPV) systems under two scenarios: with and without a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS). STPV systems are beneficial because they generate energy while still allowing enough light to pass through for healthy plant development. Seasonal variations in energy autonomy during summer and winter were analyzed. Results show that incorporating BESS significantly reduces reliance on grid electricity, with energy autonomy improving from 43.43% to 24.17% in summer and 81.36% to 69.45% in winter. The system’s performance was highly sensitive to the transmittance rate of STPV panels and the minimum Daily Light Integral (DLI) required for crops. These findings highlight the potential of BESS to enhance energy independence and promote sustainable agricultural practices. The study provides insights into optimizing renewable energy systems in greenhouses, emphasizing practical implications for scalability and economic feasibility.