Enhancing dye-sensitized solar cells efficiency through organic dyes-sensitized holmium-doped TiO₂/SnO₂ nanocomposites blended with P3HT

The pursuit of sustainable energy solutions has spurred innovation in photovoltaic technology, with dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) emerging as promising contenders. This study presents a novel approach leveraging holmium-doped TiO₂/SnO₂ nanocomposites sensitized with organic dyes, Arsenazo-III, carminic acid, and dithizone, blended with poly (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT). Through meticulous characterization and analysis, key parameters including short-circuit current density (Jsc), open-circuit voltage (Voc), fill factor (FF), and overall percent efficiency (%) were scrutinized to evaluate photovoltaic performance comprehensively. Absorption spectra analysis facilitated the calculation of band gaps, revealing a significant reduction from 3.10 eV in pure Titania (TiO₂) nanoparticles to 2.72 eV upon doping with Holmium and coupling with SnO₂. Notably, Arsenazo-III dye-sensitized holmium-doped TiO₂/SnO₂ nanocomposites exhibited highest power conversion efficiency, achieving a promising efficiency of 2.10 %, which marked a significant improvement over the reference device (0.82 %). This improvement is attributed to the synergistic effects of holmium dopant incorporation and SnO₂ interaction, enhancing light responsiveness. The findings not only validate the efficacy of nanohybrid assemblies but also contribute valuable insights to solar cell technology advancement.