Enhanced Ferroelectric and Dielectric Properties of Niobium-Doped Lead-Free Piezoceramics

Lead-free ceramics are promising candidates for replacing lead-based piezoelectric materials such as lead-zirconate-titanate (PZT) if they can compete in dielectric and ferroelectric characteristics. In this work, for lead-free piezoelectric ceramic, 0.74(Bi_0.5Na_0.5TiO₃)-0.26(SrTiO₃) (BNT-ST26) and niobium-substituted (Nb-BNT–ST26) ceramics were synthesized by solid-state reactions. The evolution of niobium substitution to the perovskite phase structure of BNT-ST26 ceramics was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and Raman spectra. Electromechanical properties of Nb-BNT-ST26 ceramics initially increased with the addition of niobium up to 0.5% and decreased with a further increase in Nb content. Temperature-dependent dielectric curves showed that the depolarization temperature (T_d) decreased below room temperature because of Nb substitution. The composition with 0.5% Nb yielded a maximum bipolar strain (S_max) of 0.265% and normalized strain of d₃₃* ~ 576 pm/V under an electric field of 4.6 kV/mm at room temperature. At this critical concentration of 0.5% Nb, maximum saturation polarization of 26 μC/cm² was achieved. The dielectric constant with temperature peaks became more diffused and the depolarization temperature decreased with the increasing Nb content. The study concludes that Nb-doped BNT-ST26 is an excellent material for high-temperature, stable, frequency-dependent, lead-free piezoelectric devices.