Energy storage assisted virtual damping and active disturbance rejection with linear quadratic gaussian control for resilient frequency stability in low inertia power systems

The increasing penetration of renewable energy resources (RERs) in modern power grids has significantly reduced system inertia, which poses serious challenges to frequency stability. In addition, system uncertainties can significantly affect frequency regulation, particularly under dynamic operating conditions. To address these issues, this paper proposes a coordinated control strategy for enhancing frequency stability in low-inertia power systems. The proposed strategy controller integrates load frequency control based on an active disturbance rejection control in combination with linear quadratic Gaussian (ADRC–LQG) controller and a virtual damping stabilization (VDS-ESS). The proposed LFC (ADRC–LQG) controller has the benefits of optimal control and real-time disturbance rejection, while the VDS-ESS part provides additional damping to compensate for loss of grid inertia. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed LFC (ADRC–LQG) controller outperforms other controllers like TD-TI, PD-PI, FO-PD-PI, and ADRC. Furthermore, the coordinated LFC (ADRC–LQG) & VDS-ESS strategy improves frequency deviation performance by up to 65.93% compared with LFC (ADRC–LQG) & VIC-ESS under high renewable penetration. The robustness and sensitivity of the proposed LFC (ADRC–LQG) & VDS-ESS strategy are further validated under false data injection attacks, inertia variations, and communication time delays, confirming its effectiveness in low-inertia power grids.