Energy management of an intelligent parking lot equipped with hydrogen storage systems and renewable energy sources using the stochastic p-robust optimization approach

Transportation electrification is an undeniable trend for moving towards sustainable energy systems. Therefore, electric intelligent parking lots (IPL) enhanced with renewable energy sources (RESs) and hydrogen storage systems (HSSs) play an essential role in reaching multiple techno-environmental purposes. In this regard, this paper proposes a novel energy management framework for HSS-based IPL considering risk management approach and demand response programs. The uncertainties of input parameters such as solar irradiation and its temperature, wind speed, energy tariff of the upper grid, and IPL's demand are captured into the model through two strategies; the stochastic optimization method (SOM) and the stochastic p-robust optimization approach (SPROA). The SPROA is applied to model the risk-based form of the IPL to minimize the total expected expenditure of the IPL and its maximum related regret (MRR). Finally, the proposed approach is applied to a typical IPL and the results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach for conservative operators.