Effect of humic acid on CO₂-wettability in sandstone formation

Hypothesis: Millions of tons of CO₂ are stored in CO₂ geological storage (CGS) formations (depleted oil reservoirs and deep saline aquifers) every year. These CGS formations naturally contain small concentrations of water-soluble organic components in particular humic acid (HA), which may drastically affect the rock wettability - a significant factor determining storage capacities and containment security. Hence, it is essential to characterise the effect of humic acid concentration on CO₂-wettability and its associated impact on storage capacity. Experimental: To achieve this, we measured advancing and receding contact angles at reservoir conditions using the pendant drop tilted plate method for various humic acid concentrations (1, 10, and 100 mg/L) as a function of pressure (0.1–25 MPa), temperature (303–333 K), and brine salinity (0–0.3 M NaCl). Further, the influence of humic acid adsorption on the mineral's surface was examined by several independent techniques. Results: Our results demonstrate that humic acid significantly changes rock wettability from water-wet (0–50°) towards CO₂-wet (90–110°). An increase in pressure, temperature, and salinity had a similar effect. Humic acid adsorption also increased the surface roughness of the substrates. We conclude that even trace amounts of humic acid (i.e. 1 mg/L), which exist in storage aquifers, significantly increase CO₂-wettability and thus reduce structural and residual trapping capacities. Therefore, it is pertinent to account for these humic acid concentrations to de-risk CGS projects.