Effect of calcination temperature on the physicochemical properties of natural hydroxyapatite derived from Catla fish bone

The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of calcination temperature on the crystallinity and composition of hydroxyapatite derived from Catla bone waste using thermal calcination approach. To achieve this, bone waste was first cleaned and then thermally treated at varying calcination temperatures (650°C, 750°C, and 900°C) to yield hydroxyapatite. XRD and FTIR analyses revealed that elevating the calcination temperature leads to higher crystallinity and a reduction in carbonate content within the hydroxyapatite structure. FTIR analysis also revealed that calcination of Catla bone from 650 to 750 ^oC will form B-type carbonated hydroxyapatite. Nonetheless, a biphasic calcium phosphate mixture, which is ascribed to the decomposition of hydroxyapatite phase into tricalcium phosphate was observed for product sintered at 900 ^oC. Meanwhile, EDS analysis revealed the existence of trace elements, including Mg, K, Na, Si, and Sr within the crystal structure of all calcined products, irrespective of the employed calcination temperature. In conclusion, a calcination temperature of 650 °C emerged as the optimal choice for HAp extraction from Catla fish bone. This temperature not only maintained lower crystallinity but also preserved carbonate content, yielding single-phase HAp with properties well-suited for bone tissue engineering application.