Eco-friendly graphitic carbon nitride nanomaterials for the development of innovative biomaterials: Preparation, properties, opportunities, current trends, and future outlook

It is highly desirable and of utmost importance to find eco-friendly and green approaches for a sustainable environment. Nowadays researchers from different communities have determined that it is economical and highly demanding to synthesize green nanomaterials by utilizing plants, fruits, yeast, algae, fungi, and other green techniques as stabilizers and mediators. Compared to the chemical synthesis techniques, the plant-mediated approach is considered an eco-friendly, efficient, easy, stable, and cost-effective means for the synthesis of nanomaterials. Among various nano-size materials, Graphitic carbon nitride, g-C₃N₄, (CN) belongs to a new class of multifunctional metal-free n-type semiconductors. It has a polymeric structure with many potential applications in agriculture and energy sectors and other fields. So, it is highly demanding to explore the green synthesis approaches and their utilization for nanomaterials, especially g-C₃N₄. In this review, we comprehensively explored the green g-C₃N₄ based nanomaterials, their preparation, properties, applications, and opportunities. Adding more, this study aims to explore all feasible green synthesis approaches, applications, characterization techniques, and modification methods. Apart from this, the current statutes and future prospectus of the green g-C₃N₄ based nanomaterials are also explored. Finally, this work will open a new gateway for the synthesis of green g-C₃N₄ based nanomaterials and their utilization for a sustainable environment.