Dynamic facades for sustainable buildings: A review of classification, applications, prospects and challenges

Dynamic facades (DFs) can potentially transform how we design and experience buildings. Their adaptability to changing environmental conditions can significantly reduce energy consumption and CO₂ emissions, while also enhancing the comfort of building occupants. Smart materials and automated systems enable these facades to optimize daylighting, control heat gain, and improve ventilation – resulting in energy savings of up to 50% and CO₂ emission reductions of up to 40% compared to traditional static facades. Despite the challenges of high initial costs and maintenance requirements, this study proposes a classification scheme for DFs, providing a systematic approach to understanding their diverse technologies and potential applications. This study aims to fill a gap in the lack of comprehensive information on DF design concepts, configurations, and details. A thorough review of 26 international case studies underscores the real-world energy-saving impacts of DF designs. To fully realize the long-term benefits, this research underscores the crucial need for in-depth techno-economic analysis that considers the life cycle costs (LCC) of DFs. Such analysis will equip stakeholders with the knowledge to make informed decisions that balance economic considerations with the environmental benefits of DFs. Despite the remaining challenges, DFs offer a promising path towards more energy-efficient buildings and healthier and more comfortable indoor environments. The performance gains demonstrated in this study make DFs a compelling solution for shaping the future of sustainable building design. However, continued research focused on DF systems classification, performance analysis, and economic viability will be crucial to making this innovative technology accessible and impactful on a broader scale.