Drying strategies for maximizing polyhydroxybutyrate recovery from microalgae cultivated in a raceway pond: A comparative study

Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) derived from microalgae are considered a promising alternative bioplastic material to replace synthetic plastics. This study evaluated the effects of various drying techniques (sun, freeze, oven and air drying) on PHB recovery from microalgae. Freeze drying recovered the maximum PHBs (6.2%) followed by sun drying (5.2%), air drying (2.3%), oven drying (2%), and the lowest in wet biomass (1.2%). The most energy-intensive drying method was freeze drying (26.83 kW) followed by oven drying (3 kW) while the other methods did not require energy. The minimum time requirement for drying was oven drying (6 h), followed by freeze drying (24 h), sun drying (48–72 h), and air drying (96–120 h) while wet biomass did not require time. In terms of PHB yield per unit time, oven (0.33%/h) is a more effective drying technique than freeze drying (0.25%/h) which produces 24.24% higher PHB yield per unit time. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) confirmed PHB structure and thermal stability up to 300 °C from dried biomasses compared to wet biomass at 200 °C. This study indicated that drying techniques significantly influence the PHB recovery from microalgae biomass. Findings also revealed that the oven dried technique can be efficiently scaled up for PHB recovery.