Distributed acoustic sensing in subsurface applications – Review and potential integration with artificial intelligence for an intelligent CO₂ storage monitoring system

Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) technology uses optical fibres to detect and measure vibrations along their length. It has a wide range of applications, including subsurface imaging and reservoir characterisation and monitoring. In the oil and gas industry, DAS can be used to monitor the health of reservoirs, identify the location and movement of fluids, and track the effectiveness of production and injection processes. One potential application of DAS in subsurface imaging is to map the distribution of reservoirs and identify the presence of hydrocarbons. This can be done by measuring the acoustic waves generated by the movement of fluids in the subsurface. DAS can also be used to monitor reservoirs in real time, providing information on the location and movement of fluids, as well as the mechanical properties of rock formations. This information is crucial for optimising production and injection processes and predicting the reservoir's future behaviour. There is also potential for DAS data to be processed by artificial intelligence (AI) to create an intelligent monitoring system for CO₂ storage. By using machine learning algorithms, it may be possible to analyse the data collected by DAS in real-time and identify patterns that could indicate potential problems with the CO₂ storage process. This could allow for timely intervention and prevent costly and potentially dangerous leaks. Overall, the integration of DAS and AI has the potential to revolutionise the way subsurface reservoirs and CO₂ storage systems are monitored and managed.