Diffused-line-of-sight communication for mobile and fixed underwater nodes

The misalignment of mobile underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) systems, compounded by turbulence in underwater scenarios, is a practical problem that can be resolved through various means. This work describes a pulse-position-modulationbased (PPM-based) diffused-line-of-sight UWOC system that offers a solution to this issue. PPM is found to be power-efficient and, in terms of bit-error-ratio performance, outperforms on-off keying modulation and orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing modulation in complex dynamic underwater channels. Through indoor experiments and outdoor deployment, we validated the robustness of the proposed PPM-based mobile UWOC system. This work sheds light on the practical implementation of UWOC networks for relieving the strict pointing-acquisition-and-tracking requirements when an underwater apparatus is transmitting or receiving signals on the fly.