Development and performance evaluation of La₂O₃ doped WC-10Co-4Cr coatings for enhanced biofouling and slurry abrasion resistance

Tungsten carbide WC-based coatings are widely used for wear-resistant applications; however, enhancing their resistance to biofouling remains a critical challenge, especially in abrasive and microbial environments. This study investigates the influence of La₂O₃ doping on the microstructure, mechanical performance, and antifouling behaviour of WC-10Co-4Cr coatings. In the present study, WC-10Co-4Cr and 1.5 wt% La₂O₃ doped WC-10Co-4Cr coatings were successfully developed over SS410 steel using High-Pressure High-Velocity Oxy-Fuel (HP-HVOF) spraying. La₂O₃ addition refined the microstructure, reduced porosity, and enhanced splat bonding. The doped coating exhibited superior microhardness (1228 HV_0.3), higher bond strength (78.7 MPa), and reduced surface roughness. Slurry abrasion testing revealed the lowest mass loss for La₂O₃ doped coating (6.38–17.11 mg), owing to its dense and hard structure. Furthermore, biofouling analysis confirmed excellent antibacterial performance of the doped coating against and Escherichia coli , attributed to enhanced hydrophobicity and antimicrobial action of La₂O₃. Overall, La₂O₃ doping significantly improved mechanical, wear, and biofouling resistance. These enhancements position the doped coating as a promising candidate for use in highly abrasive and biofouling-prone environments.