Developing countries’ greenhouse gas emissions reduction: A new approach with a focus on behavioral changes

The current era faces a pressing challenge in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, recognized as one of the most critical global issues. A key problem persists for policymakers: how to achieve substantial reductions in emissions without relying solely on costly technological infrastructure that places significant financial burdens on citizens and governments. While some governments have implemented diverse short- and long-term initiatives to tackle climate change, the potential for behavioral modifications to address this issue remains substantial. This paper undertakes a comprehensive examination of existing literature, focusing on strategies that influence individuals’ behaviors in various settings, including homes, workplaces, and public transportation, to mitigate emissions directly or indirectly. The study investigates diverse theories concerning planned behavior and essential elements crucial for behavior modification, encompassing concepts such as biophilia, incentivization for energy and recyclable product usage, appropriate implementation of greenhouse taxes, integration of modern technology and environmentally sustainable design principles, promotion of transportation sharing, adherence to social and community guidelines, provision of adequate education and information, and utilization of financial incentives. However, various challenges are associated with inducing behavioral changes, necessitating a diverse range of activities and the deployment of legislative tools and effective social marketing strategies. Despite these challenges, initiatives demonstrate the potential to reduce GHG emissions without compromising household well-being. By identifying and analyzing key themes and findings within the realm of environmental psychology, this study aims to provide valuable insights that can aid underdeveloped countries in mitigating GHG emissions without significant financial burdens. The study concludes with policy recommendations that emphasize low-cost, behavior-focused strategies—such as incentives, education, and social norm interventions—as viable alternatives to costly technological infrastructure, particularly in resource-constrained contexts. Additionally, the anticipated behavioral changes are expected to facilitate the adoption of climate-friendly legislation. Moreover, this research inspires novel research avenues and directions within this domain.