Detection of sulfur in the reinforced concrete structures using a dual pulsed LIBS system

In concrete structures, an excessive amount of sulfate ions can cause severe damage to the strength and the stability of the building structures and hence a sensitive and reliable technique for sulfate ion detection in concrete is highly desirable. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is one of the most reliable and sensitive techniques to identify the presence of potentially dangerous sulfur in the concrete structure. The atomic emission lines of sulfur lying in the 200900 nm region are mostly singly ionized states and hence inherently very weak. In order to enhance the sensitivity of the conventional LIBS system, we employed a dual pulsed LIBS system for detection of weak spectral line of sulfur in concrete using the S II peak at 545.38 nm as a marker for quantifying sulfur content in the concrete. The 1064 nm fundamental and 266 nm fourth harmonic of the Nd:YAG laser in conjunction with Spectrograph/gated ICCD camera are the core factors in improvement of sensitivity. Furthermore, the dual pulsed LIBS system and the fine maneuvering of the gate parameters and interpulse delay yielded improvement in the sensitivity, and resulted in a systematic correlation of the LIBS signal with the concentration of sulfur in the concrete sample. In order to quantify the sulfur content in concrete, a calibration curve was also drawn by recording the LIBS spectra of sample having sulfur in various concentrations. The limit of detection achieved with our dual pulsed LIBS system is approximately 38 μg/g.