Deep learning frameworks for MRI-based diagnosis of neurological disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis

The automatic diagnosis of neurological disorders using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a widely researched problem. MRI is a non-invasive and highly informative imaging modality, which is one of the most widely accepted and used neuroimaging modalities for visualizing the human brain. The advent of tremendous processing capabilities, multi-modal data, and deep-learning techniques has enabled researchers to develop intelligent, sufficiently accurate classification methods. A comprehensive literature review has revealed extensive research on the automatic diagnosis of neurological disorders. However, despite numerous studies, a systematically developed framework is lacking, that relies on a sufficiently robust dataset or ensures reliable accuracy. To date, no consolidated framework has been established to classify multiple diseases and their subtypes effectively based on various types and their planes of orientation in structural and functional MR images. This systematic review provides a detailed and comprehensive analysis of research reported from 2000 to 2023. Systems developed in prior art have been categorized according to their disease diagnosis capabilities. The datasets employed and the tools developed are also summarized to assist researchers to conduct further studies in this crucial domain. The contributions of this research include facilitating the design of a unified framework for multiple neurological disease diagnoses, resulting in the development of a generic assistive tool for hospitals and neurologists to diagnose disorders precisely and swiftly thus potentially saving lives, in addition to increasing the quality of life of patients suffering from neurodegenerative disorders.