Cyber-Resilient Load Frequency Control in EV-Integrated Power Systems via Cross-Area V2G Coordination

The increasing integration of electric vehicles (EVs) provides new opportunities for fast frequency support, but also increases the cyber-physical vulnerability of load frequency control (LFC). In communication-assisted multi-area systems, cyberattacks such as false data injection (FDI) and denial of service (DoS) can corrupt or block the signals used for secondary control, resulting in larger frequency excursions, degraded area control error (ACE) regulation and inefficient EV utilization. This paper proposes a cyber-resilient LFC framework for EV-integrated interconnected power systems, where EV aggregators provide both local vehicle-to-grid (V2G) support and coordinated cross-area assistance under attacked conditions. An LSTM-based detector is used to identify abnormal temporal behaviour and localize the attacked area. After detection, the compromised signal is replaced by a safe estimate, and healthy-area EV fleets provide auxiliary support according to available power headroom and state-of-charge (SOC) constraints. The framework is validated using a two-area system and a modified IEEE 39-bus three-area system under FDI, DoS, replay, stealthy FDI and multistage attack scenarios. The LSTM detector achieves a testing accuracy of 98.28%. In the modified IEEE 39-bus system, the proposed mitigation reduces the frequency RMSE from 0.01508 to 0.01023 in Area 1 and from 0.02383 to 0.01539 in Area 2 compared with the unmitigated attack case, corresponding to reductions of 32.2% and 35.4%, respectively. The integral absolute error is also reduced by 35.2% in Area 1 and 50.3% in Area 2. The results demonstrate that combining attacked-signal replacement with coordinated cross-area V2G support improves frequency recovery, suppresses ACE deviations and maintains feasible EV operation under cyberattacks.