Cyber-resilient based distributed model predictive control for frequency stabilization of airport-based microgrids

Frequency regulation in a microgrid environment is critically challenged due to its low inertia, renewable intermittency, dynamic load variations, and growing exposure to cyber-induced disturbances. Under these operating conditions, traditional control strategies often suffer from pronounced frequency excursions, extended settling times, and degraded robustness. These limitations highlight the necessity for advanced control frameworks capable of ensuring consistent frequency stability in modern microgrids. The Enhanced Lotus Effect Optimizer Algorithm-based Distributed Model Predictive Control (ELEOA-DMPC) strategy is tailored to regulate frequency in an islanded microgrid integrating photovoltaic (PV), Wind Turbine Alternator (WTA), Diesel-Based Generator (DBG), Electric Vehicles (EVs), Battery Energy Storage Sources (BESS), and Aircraft (ACFT). The intercomparison of first and second group controllers demonstrates that ELEOA-based DMPC yielded a 99.74% reduction in IAE, 94.96% in ITAE, 96.7% in ISE, and 94.7% in ITSE. First and second group controllers' comparison for scenario 1 demonstrates that ELEOA-DMPC achieved a 78% reduction in IAE, 67.8% in ITAE, 99.89% in ISE, and 83.3% in ITSE. In the second scenario, after a cyber-attack, USH is almost −[jls-end-space/]3.2 × 10−5pu, and the settling time remains minimal (0.00029 s). Moreover, the controller is less sensitive to ±30% parametric variations of the generator's time constant (TG), and inertia (M) with 2.79×10−4[jls-end-space/]pu OSH and −[jls-end-space/]2.0×10−4[jls-end-space/]pu USH, respectively. The simulation outcomes demonstrate that ELEOA-DMPC yields smooth control signals with minimum actuation stress, offers minimum transient response due to rolling horizon prediction, shows robustness, minimizes frequency excursion, settling duration, and performance indices, and attack-resilient solution for Load Frequency Control (LFC) in airport microgrids.