Crowd Anomaly Detection Systems Using RFID and WSN Review

The security and safety of public places have been a concern to more entities in recent decades. Video surveillance is widely used to guarantee the security and safety of public places. Yet, abnormal crowd movement detection and estimation are essential in video surveillance to avoid incidents like a stampede. The most challenging problem is detecting and locating people in moving dense crowds with obstacles like occlusion and blind spots where traditional video surveillance techniques fail. This paper presents an extensive review of state-of-the-art advances in detecting abnormal behavior in dense crowds approaches. The techniques are based on range-free localization for detecting the direction and speed of the crowd movement. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are surveyed. RFID is used by analyzing the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) for detecting orientation and speed of crowd movement and provides information like the crowd density, movement velocity, flow rate, and the number of persons passing to detect the onset of a stampede.