Control strategies for reverse osmosis desalination powered by photovoltaic systems: A comprehensive review

Climate change and population growth are contributing to a rising demand for water, highlighting the necessity for sustainable and energy-efficient solutions. Photovoltaic reverse osmosis (PVRO) desalination integrates photovoltaics, a prevalent renewable energy source, with reverse osmosis, a highly efficient technique for salt removal from water, to mitigate water scarcity in remote regions. This research primarily aims to assess the current status of renewable energy utilization in small-scale and commercial water desalination facilities. This study examines key aspects, including the energy-water nexus, and assesses the contributions of PVRO to sustainability goals. This work also introduces a discussion on policy and quantifiable productivity, thereby enhancing strategic value. This study presents a comprehensive review of control architecture, emphasizing its significance in enhancing PVRO operations. The analysis of these advanced techniques is crucial as they enhance system performance, decrease reliance on fossil fuel-based energy, and strengthen the robustness of system operations in adaptive environments. Furthermore, it offers a comprehensive summary that delineates both fundamental and advanced control mechanisms, illustrating their synergistic potential to enhance the efficiency, performance, and longevity of PVRO systems. The findings of the study demonstrate that the application of advanced monitoring techniques, combined with machine learning models, improves resource management in alignment with Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 sustainability goals. This study identifies potential avenues for future research in sustainable desalination, particularly regarding the energy-water nexus within the Middle Eastern context.