Continuous Smooth Adaptive Barrier Function-Based Sliding Mode Controller for Hybrid Energy Storage System of Electric Vehicle

This paper presents an advanced adaptive barrier function sliding mode controller (ABF-SMC) for the efficient management of hybrid energy storage systems (HESS) in electric vehicles (EVs). The proposed controller is designed to manage energy distribution in EVs that use multiple energy storage devices (ESDs), such as battery, supercapacitor (SC), fuel cell (FC), and photovoltaic (PV) panel. The primary goal of the controller is to regulate the HESS and ensure the global stability of the system using Lyapunov criteria. Additionally, ABF-SMC is compared with the conventional sliding mode controller (SMC), and simulation tests of the proposed system are performed using MATLAB/Simulink R2024b. Hardware in loop (HIL) experiments (OPAL-RT 5700 testbed) is also conducted to assess the performance of the proposed controller. The results validate the system’s stability, robustness, and effective performance under varying operating conditions. An in-depth comparison of the two controllers shows that ABF-SMC outperforms SMC, as confirmed by the results.