Consensus-Oriented Distributed Protocol for a Resilient Optimal Power Delivery Over a Smart Grid Under Electric Vehicles Load and Stochastic Hybrid Cyber-Attacks

The integration of generating units over a network for distributed energy management raises security challenges for an energy delivery system. This paper addresses a distributed approach to the economic scheduling of energy for the conventional load along with electric vehicles (EVs) in a smart grid (SG) by incorporating hybrid cyber-attacks. The stochastic deception and denial-of-service attacks have been considered in the transmission of incremental costs between generators over a network. A robust consensus-based resilient protocol to protect against hybrid attacks has been provided by ensuring the boundedness of incremental cost errors and supply–demand balance. The convergence analysis and stability of the energy network under cyber-attacks by malicious attackers have been assured via Lyapunov stability theory and boundedness of the signals. Additionally, a distributed approach employs a nonlinear protocol to establish the ramp-rate constraint of generators. In contrast with the centralized methods, the proposed approach is distributed, does not allow single-point failure, and does not require parametric tuning. In contrast with distributed methods, the proposed approach deals with cyber-attacks, hybrid attacks, ramp-rate limits, and EV charging profiles. The simulations show that the distributed protocols allow microgrids to consensus on incremental costs to find the best solution. They also effectively safeguard against hybrid attacks, ensuring efficient scheduling of generation units and addressing the nonlinear ramp-rate constraint.