Conceptual models, influencing factors, and technological advancements in pedestrian wayfinding: a systematic literature review

Purpose – This study aims to explore theoretical models of human wayfinding information requirements and key influencing factors, addressing challenges posed by increasing environmental complexity, visual clutter and individual differences in navigation. Design/methodology/approach – A systematic literature review was conducted, analysing wayfinding information models with focus on spatial knowledge, information processing, cognitive mapping and human behaviour in complex-built environments. The synthesis includes critical analysis of technological augmentations for navigation improvement. Findings – Most existing wayfinding models remain conceptual or theoretical, addressing only a limited range of influencing factors. The synthesis identifies significant gaps in current models while highlighting technology’s potential to address these shortcomings and improve navigation efficiency. Research limitations/implications – As a literature synthesis, these findings require empirical validation through user studies in both real-world and simulated complex environments. Practical implications – This synthesis of wayfinding literature provides designers and architects with evidence-based insights for creating more effective navigational supports in complex environments. The analysis of technological interventions offers practical guidance for developing signage systems and digital aids that can be implemented in hospitals, transportation hubs and urban settings to improve user navigation. Social implications – Enhanced wayfinding systems can promote accessibility and inclusivity in public spaces, supporting independent mobility for older adults and visually impaired individuals, thereby reducing social exclusion. Originality/value – This review provides a novel integration of theoretical wayfinding models with technological solutions, offering a comprehensive framework that spans spatial cognition, information processing and emerging technologies to advance wayfinding research and application.