Computational Analysis of Three-Dimensional Unsteady Natural Convection and Entropy Generation in a Cubical Enclosure Filled with Water-Al₂O₃ Nanofluid

Effects of Rayleigh number, solid volume fraction and entropy generation on the natural convection heat transfer and fluid flow inside a three-dimensional cubical enclosure filled with water-Al₂O₃ nanofluid have been investigated numerically using the control volume finite difference method. The enclosure left sidewall is maintained at isothermal hot temperature, while the right one is maintained at isothermal cold temperature. The other enclosure walls are considered adiabatic. The second law of thermodynamics is applied to predict the nature of irreversibility in terms of entropy generation rate. Numerical computations are carried out for Rayleigh numbers from (Formula presented.), solid volume fraction from (Formula presented.), while the Prandtl number of water is considered constant as (Pr = 6.2). Streamlines, isothermal lines, counters of local and total entropy generation and the variation of Bejan number, local and average Nusselt numbers are presented and discussed in detail. The results explain that the average Nusselt number increases when the solid volume fraction of nanoparticles and the Rayleigh number increase. Also, the Bejan and average Nusselt numbers have a reverse behavior to each other for the same range of Rayleigh number and solid volume fraction. In addition, the results show that the entropy generation rate due to heat transfer, friction and the total entropy generation increase as the solid volume fraction increases, while it increases highly when the Rayleigh number increases especially near the hot left sidewall.