Comprehensive overview of microalgae-derived carotenoids and their applications in diverse industries

This article explores the rising interest in microalgae-derived carotenoids due to their unique properties and wide-ranging industrial potential. These pigments offer higher concentrations and greater diversity compared to other sources, particularly featuring carotenoids like astaxanthin, β-carotene, lutein, and zeaxanthin, known for their potent antioxidant properties that benefit human health. The review provides a comprehensive examination of carotenoids, encompassing their structures, origins, extraction methods, and applications in various sectors such as food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and dietary supplements. It underscores their significance as antioxidants, their role in enhancing human health, and ongoing research in this field. The article also investigates the feasibility of utilizing microalgae as a commercial substrate for carotenoid production, emphasizing their unique qualities and potential future applications. In addition, it discusses the distinctions between natural and synthetic carotenoids, carotenoid synthesis within microalgae, large-scale cultivation, upstream and downstream processing, and commercial applications. The novelty of this review lies in its emphasis on the growing importance and potential of microalgal carotenoids across diverse industries, highlighting their unique attributes, versatility, and considerable value for human health and well-being. It further acknowledges the continuous advancements in cultivation techniques, extraction methods, and biotechnological approaches, indicating the expanding commercialization and utilization of microalgal carotenoids.