Compositional and Morphological Studies of Kidney and Gallbladder Stones from Fundamentals to Advanced Level using SEM–EDS Technique: A Short Review

The genesis and growth of the stones formed inside the human body are imprinted in their structure. Thus, the pathogenesis of lithiasis must potentially be read using the proper analytical technique. Scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDS) is a highly suitable analytical technique that reveals a detailed description of the morphology and compositional structure and, to some extent, the formation cause of the stones such as gallbladder and kidney stones. In the present review article, we presented detailed spectroscopic investigations on the morphological and chemical compositional analysis of gallstones and kidney stones using the SEM–EDS technique. We also covered some fundamental principles of SEM techniques for understanding the new beginners in this vital field. The advanced use of SEM–EDS in gastroenterology and in nephrology is relatively new to other analytical techniques. SEM–EDS has not been used extensively in the aforementioned field. In addition to SEM–EDS, we have also highlighted using ED-XRF to analyze stone samples. This review paper will be highly beneficial to understanding the formation and growth of the stones inside the human body for its diagnosis, therapeutic strategies, and proper treatment management.