Comparative Performance Analysis of Metaheuristic-Tuned Fopid Controllers for Load Frequency Control in Multi-Source Power Systems

Khaleel Agail Mohamed; Muhammad Majid Gulzar; Md Shafiullah; Khidir Ak Mohamed; Mohammed Qaraad; David Guinovart

doi:10.1109/ETFG61999.2025.11401929

Comparative Performance Analysis of Metaheuristic-Tuned Fopid Controllers for Load Frequency Control in Multi-Source Power Systems

Khaleel Agail Mohamed^*
, Muhammad Majid Gulzar^*
, Md Shafiullah^*
, Khidir Ak Mohamed^*
, Mohammed Qaraad
, David Guinovart

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution › peer-review

Abstract

Reliable load frequency control (LFC) in multi-source (thermal-hydro-gas) grids remains challenging due to large step load disturbances. This paper benchmarks metaheuristic tuning of a single Fractional-Order PID (FOPID) controller using four optimizers: Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Differential Evolution (DE), and Enhanced PSO (EPSO). Controllers are tuned against four standard time domain indices (IAE, ITAE, ITSE, ISE) and stress tested under ± 5% and ± 20% load changes. Across all indices, EPSO consistently achieves the best speed robustness trade-off: with IAE it attains a minimum settling time of 23.10 s, while with ITSE it limits transients to overshoot 0.006 p.u. and undershoot 0.013 p.u.. The alternative optimizers exhibit longer settling and larger peak deviations under identical conditions. The study provides a unified, reproducible comparison for FOPID tuning in LFC and indicates EPSO as a strong default choice when both rapid recovery and low transient excursions are required in multi-source power systems.

Original language	English
Title of host publication	Conference Proceedings - 2025 IEEE International Conference on Energy Technologies for Future Grids, ETFG 2025
Publisher	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.
ISBN (Electronic)	9798331576400
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFG61999.2025.11401929
State	Published - 2025
Event	2025 IEEE International Conference on Energy Technologies for Future Grids, ETFG 2025 - Wollongong, Australia Duration: 7 Dec 2025 → 11 Dec 2025

Publication series

Name	Conference Proceedings - 2025 IEEE International Conference on Energy Technologies for Future Grids, ETFG 2025

Conference

Conference	2025 IEEE International Conference on Energy Technologies for Future Grids, ETFG 2025
Country/Territory	Australia
City	Wollongong
Period	7/12/25 → 11/12/25

Bibliographical note

Publisher Copyright:
© 2025 IEEE.

Keywords

Differential Evolution (DE)
Enhanced PSO (EPSO)
Fractional-Order PID (FOPID)
Genetic Algorithm (GA)
Load Frequency Control (LFC)
Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Artificial Intelligence
Energy Engineering and Power Technology
Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment
Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality
Control and Optimization

Access to Document

10.1109/ETFG61999.2025.11401929

Cite this

Mohamed, K. A., Gulzar, M. M., Shafiullah, M., Mohamed, K. A., Qaraad, M., & Guinovart, D. (2025). Comparative Performance Analysis of Metaheuristic-Tuned Fopid Controllers for Load Frequency Control in Multi-Source Power Systems. In Conference Proceedings - 2025 IEEE International Conference on Energy Technologies for Future Grids, ETFG 2025 (Conference Proceedings - 2025 IEEE International Conference on Energy Technologies for Future Grids, ETFG 2025). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFG61999.2025.11401929

Mohamed, Khaleel Agail ; Gulzar, Muhammad Majid ; Shafiullah, Md et al. / Comparative Performance Analysis of Metaheuristic-Tuned Fopid Controllers for Load Frequency Control in Multi-Source Power Systems. Conference Proceedings - 2025 IEEE International Conference on Energy Technologies for Future Grids, ETFG 2025. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2025. (Conference Proceedings - 2025 IEEE International Conference on Energy Technologies for Future Grids, ETFG 2025).

@inproceedings{8d6a2992f6f9457099b6513b4ae1a454,

title = "Comparative Performance Analysis of Metaheuristic-Tuned Fopid Controllers for Load Frequency Control in Multi-Source Power Systems",

abstract = "Reliable load frequency control (LFC) in multi-source (thermal-hydro-gas) grids remains challenging due to large step load disturbances. This paper benchmarks metaheuristic tuning of a single Fractional-Order PID (FOPID) controller using four optimizers: Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Differential Evolution (DE), and Enhanced PSO (EPSO). Controllers are tuned against four standard time domain indices (IAE, ITAE, ITSE, ISE) and stress tested under ± 5\% and ± 20\% load changes. Across all indices, EPSO consistently achieves the best speed robustness trade-off: with IAE it attains a minimum settling time of 23.10 s, while with ITSE it limits transients to overshoot 0.006 p.u. and undershoot 0.013 p.u.. The alternative optimizers exhibit longer settling and larger peak deviations under identical conditions. The study provides a unified, reproducible comparison for FOPID tuning in LFC and indicates EPSO as a strong default choice when both rapid recovery and low transient excursions are required in multi-source power systems.",

keywords = "Differential Evolution (DE), Enhanced PSO (EPSO), Fractional-Order PID (FOPID), Genetic Algorithm (GA), Load Frequency Control (LFC), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)",

author = "Mohamed, \{Khaleel Agail\} and Gulzar, \{Muhammad Majid\} and Md Shafiullah and Mohamed, \{Khidir Ak\} and Mohammed Qaraad and David Guinovart",

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year = "2025",

doi = "10.1109/ETFG61999.2025.11401929",

language = "English",

series = "Conference Proceedings - 2025 IEEE International Conference on Energy Technologies for Future Grids, ETFG 2025",

publisher = "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.",

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address = "United States",

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Mohamed, KA, Gulzar, MM , Shafiullah, M, Mohamed, KA, Qaraad, M & Guinovart, D 2025, Comparative Performance Analysis of Metaheuristic-Tuned Fopid Controllers for Load Frequency Control in Multi-Source Power Systems. in Conference Proceedings - 2025 IEEE International Conference on Energy Technologies for Future Grids, ETFG 2025. Conference Proceedings - 2025 IEEE International Conference on Energy Technologies for Future Grids, ETFG 2025, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2025 IEEE International Conference on Energy Technologies for Future Grids, ETFG 2025, Wollongong, Australia, 7/12/25. https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFG61999.2025.11401929

Comparative Performance Analysis of Metaheuristic-Tuned Fopid Controllers for Load Frequency Control in Multi-Source Power Systems. / Mohamed, Khaleel Agail; Gulzar, Muhammad Majid ; Shafiullah, Md et al.
Conference Proceedings - 2025 IEEE International Conference on Energy Technologies for Future Grids, ETFG 2025. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2025. (Conference Proceedings - 2025 IEEE International Conference on Energy Technologies for Future Grids, ETFG 2025).

Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution › peer-review

TY - GEN

T1 - Comparative Performance Analysis of Metaheuristic-Tuned Fopid Controllers for Load Frequency Control in Multi-Source Power Systems

AU - Mohamed, Khaleel Agail

AU - Gulzar, Muhammad Majid

AU - Shafiullah, Md

AU - Mohamed, Khidir Ak

AU - Qaraad, Mohammed

AU - Guinovart, David

PY - 2025

Y1 - 2025

N2 - Reliable load frequency control (LFC) in multi-source (thermal-hydro-gas) grids remains challenging due to large step load disturbances. This paper benchmarks metaheuristic tuning of a single Fractional-Order PID (FOPID) controller using four optimizers: Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Differential Evolution (DE), and Enhanced PSO (EPSO). Controllers are tuned against four standard time domain indices (IAE, ITAE, ITSE, ISE) and stress tested under ± 5% and ± 20% load changes. Across all indices, EPSO consistently achieves the best speed robustness trade-off: with IAE it attains a minimum settling time of 23.10 s, while with ITSE it limits transients to overshoot 0.006 p.u. and undershoot 0.013 p.u.. The alternative optimizers exhibit longer settling and larger peak deviations under identical conditions. The study provides a unified, reproducible comparison for FOPID tuning in LFC and indicates EPSO as a strong default choice when both rapid recovery and low transient excursions are required in multi-source power systems.

AB - Reliable load frequency control (LFC) in multi-source (thermal-hydro-gas) grids remains challenging due to large step load disturbances. This paper benchmarks metaheuristic tuning of a single Fractional-Order PID (FOPID) controller using four optimizers: Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Differential Evolution (DE), and Enhanced PSO (EPSO). Controllers are tuned against four standard time domain indices (IAE, ITAE, ITSE, ISE) and stress tested under ± 5% and ± 20% load changes. Across all indices, EPSO consistently achieves the best speed robustness trade-off: with IAE it attains a minimum settling time of 23.10 s, while with ITSE it limits transients to overshoot 0.006 p.u. and undershoot 0.013 p.u.. The alternative optimizers exhibit longer settling and larger peak deviations under identical conditions. The study provides a unified, reproducible comparison for FOPID tuning in LFC and indicates EPSO as a strong default choice when both rapid recovery and low transient excursions are required in multi-source power systems.

KW - Differential Evolution (DE)

KW - Enhanced PSO (EPSO)

KW - Fractional-Order PID (FOPID)

KW - Genetic Algorithm (GA)

KW - Load Frequency Control (LFC)

KW - Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105036320063

U2 - 10.1109/ETFG61999.2025.11401929

DO - 10.1109/ETFG61999.2025.11401929

M3 - Conference contribution

AN - SCOPUS:105036320063

T3 - Conference Proceedings - 2025 IEEE International Conference on Energy Technologies for Future Grids, ETFG 2025

BT - Conference Proceedings - 2025 IEEE International Conference on Energy Technologies for Future Grids, ETFG 2025

PB - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.

T2 - 2025 IEEE International Conference on Energy Technologies for Future Grids, ETFG 2025

Y2 - 7 December 2025 through 11 December 2025

ER -

Mohamed KA, Gulzar MM , Shafiullah M, Mohamed KA, Qaraad M, Guinovart D. Comparative Performance Analysis of Metaheuristic-Tuned Fopid Controllers for Load Frequency Control in Multi-Source Power Systems. In Conference Proceedings - 2025 IEEE International Conference on Energy Technologies for Future Grids, ETFG 2025. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. 2025. (Conference Proceedings - 2025 IEEE International Conference on Energy Technologies for Future Grids, ETFG 2025). doi: 10.1109/ETFG61999.2025.11401929

Comparative Performance Analysis of Metaheuristic-Tuned Fopid Controllers for Load Frequency Control in Multi-Source Power Systems

Abstract

Publication series

Conference

Bibliographical note

Keywords

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Access to Document

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